Human brain mapping bu cas
Genetic differences in underlying nociceptive and central pain processing mechanisms are partially responsible for observed variation in pain sensitivity. Human pain sensitivity varies widely between individuals, and the significant influence of genetic factors on pain sensitivity is now widely appreciated (Mogil et al. Real-time quantitative-PCR analysis showed no expression differences in Hydin transcript levels between pain-sensitive and pain-resistant mice, suggesting that Hydin may influence hot-plate behavior through other biological mechanisms. Our results reveal a novel, putative role for the protein-coding gene, Hydin, in thermal pain response, possibly through the gene’s role in ciliary motility in the choroid plexus–cerebrospinal fluid system of the brain. The plausibility of each candidate gene’s role in pain response was assessed using an integrative bioinformatics approach, combining data related to protein domain, biological annotation, gene expression pattern, and protein functional interaction. We used haplotype block partitioning to narrow Tpnr6 to a width of ~230 Kbp, reducing the number of putative candidate genes from 44 to 3. We utilized a cohort of ~300 DO mice to map a 3.8 Mbp QTL on chromosome 8 associated with acute thermal pain sensitivity, which we have tentatively named Tpnr6. The high rate of recombinatorial precision afforded by DO mice makes them an ideal resource for high-resolution genetic mapping, allowing the circumvention of costly fine-mapping studies. DO mice offer increased genetic heterozygosity and allelic diversity compared to crosses involving standard mouse strains. The recently developed Diversity Outbred (DO) population is derived from the same eight inbred founder strains as the Collaborative Cross, including three wild-derived strains. Genetic mapping studies have historically been limited by low mapping resolution of conventional mouse crosses, resulting in pain-related quantitative trait loci (QTL) spanning several megabases and containing hundreds of candidate genes. Sound waves enter through the outer ear, move into the middle ear, and finally reach the inner ear and its intricate network of nerves, bones, canals, and cells.Mouse genetics is a powerful approach for discovering genes and other genome features influencing human pain sensitivity. Hair cells inside the organ of Corti detect sound and send the information through the cochlear nerve. Inside the cochlear duct is the main hearing organ, the spiral shaped organ of Corti. The snail-like cochlea is made up of three fluid-filled chambers that spiral around a bony core, which contains a central channel called the cochlear duct.
The cochlea, the hearing organ, is located inside the inner ear. There are two main sections within the inner ear: the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth. The inner ear is called the labyrinth because of its complex shape. A bony casing houses a complex system of membranous cells. Inner ear: The inner ear, also called the labyrinth, operates the body’s sense of balance and contains the hearing organ.It is also the location of the Eustachian tube, which equalizes the air pressure between the inner and outer surfaces of the tympanic membrane (eardrum).
The middle ear is important because it is filled with numerous air spaces, which provide routes for infections to travel.